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orbit: 1,070,000 km from Jupiter
diameter: 5262 km
mass: 1.48e23 kg
Ganymede
was a Trojan boy of great beauty whom Zeus carried away to be cupbearer to the gods.
Discovered by Galileo and Marius in 1610.
Ganymede is the largest satellite in the solar system. It is larger in diameter than Mercury but only about half its mass. Ganymede is much larger than Pluto.
Before the Galileo encounters with Ganymede it was thought that Ganymede and Callisto were composed of a rocky core surrounded by a large mantle of water or water ice with an ice surface (and that Titan and Triton were similar). Preliminary indications from the Galileo data now suggest that Callisto has a uniform composition while Ganymede is differentiated into a three layer structure: a small molten iron or iron/sulfer core surrounded by a rocky silicate mantle with a icy shell on top. In fact, Ganymede may be similar to Io with an additional outer layer of ice.
Ganymede's surface is a roughly equal mix of two types of terrain: very
old, highly
cratered dark regions (left),
and somewhat younger (but still ancient) lighter
regions marked with an extensive array of grooves and ridges
(right). Their
origin is clearly of a tectonic nature, but the details are unknown.
In this respect, Ganymede may more similar to the Earth
than either Venus or Mars
(though there is no evidence of recent tectonic activity).
Evidence for a tenuous oxygen atmosphere on Ganymede, very similar to the one found on Europa, has been found recently by HST (note that this is definitely NOT evidence of life).
Similar ridge and groove terrain is seen on Enceladus, Miranda and Ariel. The dark regions are similar to the surface of Callisto.
Extensive cratering is seen on both types of terrain.
The density of cratering indicates an age of 3 to 3.5 billion years,
similar to the Moon. Craters both overlay
and are cross cut by the groove systems indicating the the grooves are
quite ancient, too. Relatively young craters with rays of ejecta are
also visible (left).
Unlike the Moon, however, the craters are quite flat, lacking the
ring mountains and central depressions common to craters on the Moon
and Mercury. This is probably due to the
relatively weak nature of Ganymede's icy crust which can flow over
geologic time and thereby soften the relief.
Ancient craters whose relief has disappeared leaving only a "ghost" of a crater are
known as palimpsests (right).
Galileo's first flyby of Ganymede discovered that Ganymede has its own magnetosphere field embedded inside Jupiter's huge one. This is probably generated in a similar fashion to the Earth's: as a result of motion of conducting material in the interior.
... Jupiter
... Europa
... Ganymede
... Callisto
... 
